Case Analysis - Kraft Foods Oreo and China - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1744 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Case Analysis Kraft Foods Oreo and China Case Analysis In order for a business to be successful in another country besides the country that their business is based out of, a business must understand the market conditions of the particular country they are looking at investing their products in. A market conditions that a business must consider when making a move to another country includes that of how well their product will do in another country. If a business has not fully analyzed this concept, then their product may not do as well as they hoped for in that particular country and in all will have an effect on the overall revenue for the business. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Case Analysis Kraft Foods Oreo and China" essay for you Create order In this particular assignment, I will analyze the case of the Oreo cookie manufactured by Kraft Foods and it acceptance into the country of China. The case analysis of the Oreo cookie manufactured by Kraft Foods and it acceptance into the country of China will include a summary of the basic situation described in the case, a discussion of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ market, a discussion of the changes in Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s marketplace over the last 20-30 years, an explanation of the efforts by Kraft Foods to enter Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s marketplace, and a discussion of the important factors that make entry into Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s marketplace challenging and potentially risky for Kraft Foods. Basic Situation Kraft Foods is one of the world leaders in the production of beverages, snack foods, dairy products, and food (Kraft Foods, 2011). Kraft Foods began its company in the year of 1903 in Chicago, Illinois (Kraft Foods, 2011). Kraft Foods has expanded its business from Chicago to New York to international over the year which has contributed much to the success of their business (Kraft Foods, 2011). Kraft Foods began the manufacturing of the Oreo cookie in 1912 (Clement, S., Jain, T., Jose, S., Koellmann, B, 2013). The basic situation in the case of the Oreo cookie manufactured by Kraft Foods and it acceptance into the country of China is how Kraft Foods did not anticipate the acceptance of their Oreo cookie in China to be unfavorable. Kraft Foods only marketed their Oreo cookie in the United States until the year of 1996 (Clement, S., Jain, T., Jose, S., Koellmann, B, 2013). In the year of 1996, Kraft Foods decided to market their Oreo cookie globally starting in China (Clement, S., Jain, T., Jose, S., Koellmann, B, 2013, para 3). However, Kraft Foods discovered that over the last 10 years, their Oreo cookie was not as favorable in China as it was in the United States (Clement, S., Jain, T., Jose, S., Koellmann, B., 2013, para 4). The cause of this unfavorable accpetance of Kraft Foods Oreo cookie in China was mainly due to the business strategy of Kraft Foods. Kraft Foods decided it would be acceptable if they used the business strategy of their Oreo cookie just like what they used in the United States. However, this business strategy was not as successful as Kraft Foods would have hoped it would be. The business strategy of Kraft Foods and their Oreo cookie in the United States was that of a sweet and bitter cookie which was not accepted well in China (Clement, S., Jain, T., Jose, S., Koellmann, B., 2013, para 6). In addition to the Oreo cookie being to sweet and bitter for China, the price for a package of Oreo cookies was high which was not accpeted by China (Clement, S., Jain, T., Jose, S., Koellmann, B., 2013, para 7). This led to Kraft Foods evaluating how it could change their business strategy to adapt to the needs of China. After evaluating the Oreo cookie to the needs of China, Kraft Foods discovered that t he Oreo cookie needed to make the Oreo cookie to contain more chocolate and less sugar in the cream filling (Clement, S., Jain, T., Jose, S., Koellmann, B., 2013, para 8). Kraft Foods also found that they needed to make the pricing of a package of Oreo cookies more reasonable to the Chinese market. Kraft Foods reduced their pricing of their Oreo cookie packages to $0.29 with less cookies in the package which is more sutiable for the needs of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s people (Clement, S., Jain, T., Jose, S., Koellmann, B., 2013, para 8). With these adjustments to Kraft Foods Oreo cookie, may the acceptance of the Oreo cookie more favorable in China. Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Market It is essential for Kraft Foods to understand the market and retail market for cookies in China prior to conducting business in their country. However, Kraft Foods went into China with a mindset that their Oreo cookie would be well accepted without any modifications to their market and retail strategy. Soon Kraft Foods discovered that this was not the case and needed to make adjustments to their market and retail strategy in order for their Oreo cookie to be successful in China. The United States market for cookies is favorable whereas in China it is in the middle. The people of the United States typically like their cookies more sweet and bitter whereas in China they do not care for that type of cookie. In order for the Oreo cookie to be as successful in China as it was in the United States, Kraft Foods needed to evaluate the flavor and type of cookies that the people of China cared for in which Kraft Foods complied too. In addition to evaluating the flavor and type of cookie the people of China cared for, Kraft Foods needed to evaluate the packaging and pricing of their Oreo cookies to meet the needs of the people of China. After evaluating the needs of the people in China for the packaging and pricing of their cookies, Kraft Foods discovered that they needed to reduce the a mount of cookies in a package as well as reduce the price for a package of cookies. Once Kraft Foods was able to make these adjustments to their Oreo cookies to meet the needs of the people of China, then the acceptance and sales of the Oreo cookie increased in China. The market and retail market of cookies in China was quite different than that of the United States which Kraft Foods was not prepared for. In the United States, the Oreo cookie is more accepted as a sweet and bitter cookie instead of more chocolate and less sugar in the cream type of cookie in which the people of China prefer. In addition to the type of cookie preferred, Kraft Foods is able to package more cookies in a package and charge more for the package compared to that of China. Once Kraft Foods was aware of these differences between the United States preference in an Oreo cookie and that of the preference of the Oreo cookie in China, Kraft Foods was able to bounce back from their poor acceptance of their Ore o cookie in China. Changes in Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Marketplace Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s marketplace has increased over the last 20-30 years which has led to an increasing economy for China. Changes to laws and regulations by the Chinese government as well as changing their economy to more of a free market are what have contributed to the increase in Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s marketplace over the last 20-30 years (Berry, 2010, p.5, para 1). China is considered an agricultural country in which it is expected to lead the world in agricultural in the next 10 to 20 years (Berry, 2010, p. 3, para 1). The agricultural goods that China is known for include that of tea, potatoes, rice, peanuts, wheat, cotton, millet, apples, oilseed, barley, fish, cotton, and pork (Berry, 2010, p. 16, para 4). In potato production and consumer, China is the world leader (Berry, 2010, p. 16, para 4). Efforts by Kraft Foods to Enter Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Marketplace Kraft Foods decided to enter Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s marketplace with no modifications to their Oreo cookie. Kraft Foods learned that this was not the ideal approach in making no modifications to their Oreo cookie for the Chinese market. Kraft Foods discovered not only did they need to make the Oreo cookie with more chocolate and less sugar cream to meet the needs cookie needs for the people of China but also later discovered additional modifications needed for their Oreo cookie (Jargan, 2008). Kraft Foods decided to tailor the Oreo cookie to meet the needs of the people of China a step further. In 2006, according to Jargan (2008, para 16), Kraft Foods decided to tailor the Oreo cookie to meet the needs for the people of China to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“consist of four layers of crispy wafer filled with vanilla and chocolate cream, coated in chocolate.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  With this tailoring to the needs of the people of China, the Oreo cookie became Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s top cookie seller in 2006 (Jargan, 2008, p ara 19). The new Oreo cookie in China was outselling the original Oreo cookie in China which led to Kraft Foods sell them in Canada, Asia, and Australia (Berry, 2008, para 19). Once Kraft Foods decided to make modifications to their Oreo cookie in China, it led to the success of their product in China. Important Factors The two most important factors that I feel make the entry into a host countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s marketplace challenging and potentially risky for a United States company includes that of not understanding the needs of the host countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs and not having a specific business strategy in place prior to entering a host countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s marketplace. It is essential for a company to understand the culture and needs of the host country prior entering that particular country with their product. Countries may differ from each other based on their cultures in which a company needs to understand in order to be successful in that particular country. Companies need to have a business plan tailored to that particular country prior to conducting business in that country. A business strategy that works for one country may not necessarily work for another country. Having a business strategy that is tailored to a particular country, can aid in the success of that company when entering into a country to conduct business. References Berry, B. (2010, June). Agri-Food Past, Present, Future China. Retrieved December 18, 2013, from Ats-sea.arg.gc.ca: https://www.ats-sea.agr.gc.ca/asi/pdf/3833-eng.pdf Clement, S., Jain, T., Jose, S., Koellmann, B. (2013, March 31). Smart cookie. Retrieved December 18, 2013, from Businesstoday.com: https://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/how-kraft-foods-won-over-customers-in-china-and-india/1/193162.html KraftFoods. (2011, September 6). Brief History of Kraft Foods. Retrieved December 18, 2013, from Kraftblogr.blogspot.com: https://kraftblogr.blogspot.com/2011/09/brief-history-of-kraft-foods.html Jargon, J. (2008, May 1). Kraft Reformulates Oreo, Scores in China. Retrieved December 18, 2013, from Wsj.com: https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB120958152962857053

Historian as curandera Essay - 4547 Words

Historian as curandera Abstract History is story we tell ourselves as Khalil Gibran Muhamad defined it , or Story we tell ourselves about how past explains our present and the way story is told is shaped by contemporary needs as Aurora Levnis Morales nicely put it. Likewise it could be stated that we become stories we tell ourselves. Thus, history has role in construction of our identity. Given the importance of the story for us, could it be different story then the one we are told in mainstream media and thought in schools? The one that empowers us instead of enslaving us? This paper deals with ways history can be interpreted and influences different interpretations have on society and individuals. This is explored through†¦show more content†¦From this passage it could, also , be inferred that dominant way of seeing the world is dichotomized. I will elaborate these dichotomies later in text. It is important to underline that this is not naturally given order of things, rather it is chosen and propagated way of seeing and constructing the world in order to keep the oppressors and the oppressed in their roles; having oppressed believing that their position is predestined and unchangeable. Through mechanism of internalization this story becomes part of both oppressor’s and oppressed’s psychic life. It influences their thinking and values and making them both victims. Michel Foucault explained this suggesting

DreamWorks Animation Essay Example For Students

DreamWorks Animation Essay DreamWorks Animation is an innovative creator of blockbuster animated films. The animation studios develop and produce high-quality animated films using state of the art technology. DreamWorks Animation established itself in the entertainment industry and helped popularize computer-generated animation. In 1994, Steven Spielberg, Jeffrey Katzenberg, and David Geffen founded DreamWorks SKG in Glendale, California. DreamWorks Animation is a subsidiary of DreamWorks SKG entertainment production. Today, the CEO and Director of the Board is Jeffrey Katzenberg; the Chairman is Roger Enrico, and the Chief Financial Officer is Kirstina M. Leslie. DreamWorkss key members have years of industry experience; Steven Spielberg is one of the most well-known names in Hollywood, Jeffrey Katzenberg was the former chairman of Walt Disney Studios, and Kristina Leslie previously served as Viacoms Director of Financial Planning. DreamWorks employs 1200 workers in many different sectors, along with a team of 200 technologists, one of largest and most experienced crews in computer-generated animation. To date, DreamWorks has created eight highly successful films including Antz, Shrek 1 and 2, Shark Tale, Chicken Run, and The Prince of Egypt. The movie characters have found personalities in that of Hollywoo ds top actors including Mike Myers, Cameron Diaz, Eddie Murphy, Will Smith, Robert de Niro, and Angelina Jolie. DreamWorkss innovative technology and outstanding performance have led to many awards and accolades. Shrek 2 is the 3rd highest-grossing movie of all time. Shark Tale has recently been nominated for the Oscar for Best Animated Feature. Shrek was the first-ever winner of an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. Shrek 2 is also the number 1 animated film ever. Shark Tale is one of the Top Grossing Films of 2004. With such an impressive collection of films, DreamWorks is excited for its upcoming productions. In 2005, DreamWorks will release Madagascar, starring the voices of Ben Stiller and Chris Rock, and Wallace and Gromit, a co-production with Englands Aardman animation. Also upcoming are Over the Hedge, with the voice of Bruce Willis, Shrek 3, and Flushed Away. Gelsi, Steve. DreamWorks Animation Files Offering. MarketWatch. 28 March 2005. (31 March 2005). DreamWorks SKG. Datamonitor Business Information Center. (28 March 2005).

Nevermore, Forevermore free essay sample

The day started off just as any other summer morning. Roosters hooting and the sun peaking through my bedroom blinds. The sound of bacon sizzling in the skillet onside of mom cooking warm grits. Daddy aniously awaiting the hot breakfast, siiting at the bar downing some hot coffee. Shanee and Shayla running to the kitchen to endulge in my moms treat of the day. Still in the bed acting stubborn was my little brother Nick. I avoided intercourse of the food, due to wanting to be healthy for the Avoyelles Basketball League game later that day. Playfully my family demanded I eat and stop being silly. Reluctantly I ate and headed to the gym. While at the gym sitting with my friends I began to remenance. Thinking back on how so far in my life, I was blessed with an angel. I rememberd how every morning I caught the bus at her house, ready to embark on each days journey. We will write a custom essay sample on Nevermore, Forevermore or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I thought back on how we waited for the bus, laughing at Kenneth running late each an every morning while we treated ourselves to a milk chocolate Snickers candy bar. Wherever she went, I was there.We were the dynamic duo to most people who knew us. I looked back on us both laughing at how she stopped under a yellow traffic light that suddenly turned red and backed up, though she had already passed the light. The best part of year was when those pecans dared to fall from the pecan tree behind her Moreauville residence. My entire family would set aside a day to pick each and every pecan off the ground for her to concoct her oustanding pecan candy which never ceased to get old. Anyone who knew her, knew to never let her loose in the kitchen. She could tear down behind the stove, oven, or whatever you gave her to work with, shed make something happen. She would make food that made any gloomy day pure excitement. Food so good that you wouldnt, better yet couldnt, stop to take a breathe, much less a sip of your drink. While preparing for my Avoyelles Basketball League game, there abruptly in my stomach came a urge so strong, but yet so strange. A feeeling that I had yet to experience. As I observed the crowd to see if anyone had noticed, my sister Shanee caught my eye. With a sorrowful look in her face she regretfully stated, Shes Gone. The words echoed in the back of my mind for what seemed like hours if not days. Back and forth, up and down I began to pace. Several of my friends noticed and questioned, whats up with you, You alright? Without a response I sorrowfully walked away. As I entered the gym lobby, I met my sister with some of her friends in tears. Immediately the tears were jerked down my face and ran like Sirjourney Truse on a 100 meter dash on her best day. Contiuously we cried until we had used up all our energy and couldnt shed another tear. Thus I began to realize the reality of the situation. Nevermore will I enjoy a Snikers candy bar each morning while laughing at Kenneth. Nevermore would I have my better half in the dynamic duo. Nevermore will I laugh at the red light incident. Nevermore will I enjoy picking pecans as a family. Nevermore will I endulge in deluctable pecan candy. Nevermore will I enjoy my blessing in the form of an angel, because Forevermore my grandmother was gone.

Social Paradigms Essays - Criminology, Aesthetics, Consensus Reality

Social Paradigms Essays - Criminology, Aesthetics, Consensus Reality Social Paradigms Grade Received on Report : 89% In the following paper I will relate the concept of school to the three sociological paradigms of structural- function, social conflict, and symbolic interactions. The first paradigm that I will relate to school is the structural-function paradigm. The main manifest function of school is for the advancement of knowledge, leading to better jobs and money. School also has many latent effects including: social relationships, team competition in both sports and academic events, and personal academic advancement. All of which will be used in our adult life. Analysis of social conflict should start by pointing out that people coming from a family of a high wealth level will in most cases have a higher education at adulthood. One example of this is our own Chicago Public school system. Well to do families that live in the Chicago Public School System will, with out thought, send there children to a well-funded, safe school as opposed to the gang infested inner-city schools where students are asked to learn instead of expected. One of the many reasons for a demise of the Chicago public school system would be in the great difference of income from the public housing to wealthy north side apartments so easily visible from public housing. Lets now look at symbolic interaction in schools. With all schools even though all students attend the same curriculum under the same roof you will not find two student that are alike. You can find freshmen that on there first day of high school know exactly what they want to do and which university they will be attending, to the senior that has no clue on what he wants to do. Although these points only scratch the surface the sociological paradigms and schools, the most visible problem with education in our country is the great difference from inner-city schools from private schools. While some middle-class and upper-class families have the choice for there children?s education most inner-city families don?t have the luxury of sending there child to a prestigious private school for $7000 a year.

How admin assistants can prep for the holidays

How admin assistants can prep for the holidays Attention all admin assistants- are you right in the middle of a flurry of never-ending holiday prep plans that is keeping you too stressed and frantic to enjoy the season? Or perhaps you’re putting off your holiday prep because it all seems too overwhelming and the mere thought of everything you have piling up on your plate is creating dizzying levels of anxiety and stress?If either of these scenarios sounds like you, stop what you’re doing and take a deep breath! Although the holidays can be especially challenging for admin assistants, who are no strangers to juggling the diverse needs and demands of others on top of their own, there are strategies for effectively getting through the holiday season while minimizing added stress and overexertion.Admin assistants- consider the following your helpful preparation and planning guide for making it through the holiday season unscathed!Prep early.Admin assistants are typically masters at getting an early handle on things that need to be done around the office, and they recognize the value of doing as much advanced preparation as possible to make sure that projects stay on track, no details are left unaddressed, and everything sticks according to plan.Prepping for the holidays should be no different- we’re all aware of how quickly the holidays seem to sneak up on us each year, and once they arrive it gets much tougher to get things done amidst the flurry of vacations and obligations that seem to come from every direction. Combat the â€Å"holiday slowdown† by planning for all the things that need to be done as early as possible in the year. The more you can get done early on, the better off you’ll be when the â€Å"blizzard† of holiday activities hits.Get organized.One of the keys to being successful as an admin assistant is staying organized. In today’s hectic work world, a disorganized or scatterbrained admin does not keep their head above water- or their jobs- for ve ry long, so the successful admin already possesses these crucial skills. Be sure to put them to good use when preparing for the holidays. A well-organized holiday checklist that includes all necessary activities and projects- with details on who is responsible for doing what- can really be an admin’s best friend when trying to get through the season. A comprehensive and well-maintained checklist will help you keep track of everything that needs to be done, all in one place.Balance time for professional and personal planning.Because admins are typically excellent planners by nature, they often find themselves stuck between two worlds during the holiday season- planning for everything that has to be done at work and planning for everything that has to be done in their personal lives. Don’t let your professional and personal lives collide while holiday planning, and don’t let one eclipse the other. Any admin worth their desk can strike a healthy work-life balance d uring the holiday season and effectively plan for both appropriately- keep the work planning at work and keep your personal planning out of the office.Don’t recreate the wheel.Admins usually have an array of helpful systems and processes in place that that they can deploy for whatever project arises- consider â€Å"holiday planning† as one major project, and use your holiday planning checklist from last year as the foundation for this year’s plans, and continue this tradition for each new holiday season. Obviously, some updating and tweaking will need to be done each year, but hopefully this will cover you for the bulk of the planning activities and will save you some time vs. starting a new checklist from scratch each year!There you have it admins- your helpful strategies for successful holiday planning. Use this advice to ensure that your preparation for this upcoming season is hassle free. Happy holidays!

Windows Vs Linux Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Windows Vs Linux - Research Paper Example The source code is available to everyone, as to allow people to make the program function properly on their computers and in the way that they want to (Collins-Sussman, 2008). Windows, being closed source, contains a special user license, so that users cannot change the code. They must accept the program as it is. It is because of this that many programs for Linux are free, since they can be altered at will by any given person. The majority of Windows’ programs cost, as they cannot be changed. While Windows is one of the cheaper platforms, it is not nearly as cost-effective as Linux. A lot of this has to do with the use of open source programs in the Linux platform, seeing as many of these do not cost. The Windows platform itself might be cheaper than Linux, but one must still purchase all of the programs for Windows. An example of this is Windows’ need for antivirus software. The use of closed source means that the computer is more likely to get viruses, forcing the user to purchase antivirus software. Linux, being open source, is incapable of getting programs, and therefore not requiring antivirus programming (Easttom, 2006). In the long run, more money is spent maintaining the Windows platform as opposed to Linux. Both platforms use directories to hold and save data, information or files created by the user of the computer. Windows and Linux platforms allow the user to create, delete, rename, copy or move directories or files (Veselosky, 2007). Regardless of which platform someone decides to use, they will be able to keep their files and documents in whichever organized fashion that they wish, and edit them if and when they see fit. Both platforms also offer the use of the command prompt to open and start a program. These programs are the programs that allow the computer to run and effect how efficiently the computer works. Command prompts, while they can be simply the title of the program, can also be special computer

Cancer and Biology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cancer and Biology - Research Paper Example The presence of cancer in the body leads to the damage of the body cells that undergo unrestrained division to form tumors. Consequently, tumors correspond to lumps of tissue. It is only in the case of leukemia that cancer does not allow division of the cell as the normal function of the blood. The growth of the tumors leads to the interference of circulatory, digestive and the nervous systems. Tumors also release hormones that change the functions of the body. However, not all tumors are dangerous in nature. Tumors that do not grow and move can be beneficial to the body (Ruddon, 2007). The dangers and malignancy of tumors occur in either of the two conditions. The initial condition is apparent when a cancerous cell uses the lymph system and blood to move throughout the body. As the cell moves, it destroys the healthy tissues of the body. This procedure is called invasion. The second condition is when the cancerous cell manages to undergo division and growth. As this happens, the cel l will make fresh blood vessels to feed itself in a process denoted as angiogenesis. Metastasization occurs when the tumor manages to extend to other body parts and grow. As a result, it will invade and destroy additional healthy tissues of the body. ... This can stop the growth tumors in the secondary states (Bozzone, 2007). Causes of cancer Cancer results from the uncontrollable growth cells that are not fatal. Ordinary cells follow the normal path of growth, division, and death. The demise of cells in a planned way is called apoptosis. The breaks down of this program lead to the formation of cancer. It is clear that cancer cells do not undergo programmed deaths as other regular cells. They instead keep up with growth and continue to grow. This culminates in the formation of a network of abnormal cells whose growth is out of control. However, most of the causes of cancer come from external interventions. The main causes of cancer are related with the environmental risk factors like radiations. When one exposes himself to radiations of high levels such as x-rays and therapies, the normal body cells are damaged. This increases the dangers of acquiring leukemia, breast cancer, thyroid cancer, and stomach cancer. Besides, the ultraviol et radiation that originates from the sun culminates in skin cancer that damages the melanoma. The harmful rays from the sun can cause early aging and skin damages (Bozzone, 2007). The other causes of cancer are viruses, chemicals, tobacco, alcohol, and poor diet. Viruses such as human papillomaviruses (HPV), Epstein Barr virus, hepatitis B and C are responsible for causing infectious mononucleosis that increases the risks of acquiring cancer. Additionally, diseases that affect the immune body system of the body such as AIDS make the body vulnerable to cancers. As such, chemicals such as asbestos, radon, nickel, uranium, pesticides, and the benzene also enhance the risks of acquiring

Globalization Study Greece Economic Crisis Essay Example for Free

Globalization Study Greece Economic Crisis Essay However, besides Greece, there are other European countries also belonging to European Union; face a similar problem, such as Portugal, Ireland, Italy and Spain. Therefore, Greece’s debt crisis also triggers a European crisis. As the three companies lowered Greece’s credit rating the cost of their debt was on an upward trend. Consequently, Greece initiated an austerity program, the austerity measure resulted mass demonstrations. Background It all started in 2001, when Greece joined the European Union, Greece’s deficit at the time was higher than 3%, the standard of European Union. An American company named Goldman Sachs â€Å"helped Greek government to mask the true extent of its deficit with the help of a derivatives deal that legally circumvented the EU Maastricht deficit rules. At some point the so-called cross currency swaps will mature, and swell the countrys already bloated deficit. †(http://translate. google. com/? sl=en#en/zh-CN/) In comparison to other EU countries, Greece’s economic situation was relatively weak. Tourism being the main source of income for Greece was affected by the global economic crisis in 2007 which reduced the number of tourists form all over the world. This had a strong impact on Greece, as their imports were higher than exports; it caused the outflow of capital. Other factors that added to their crisis were high government spending, tax evasion and corruption. The bailout from European Union European Union and IMF provide 110bn Euros for the first bailout and 130bn Euros for the second bailout to help Greek government pay its creditors. At the same time, the vast majority of Greece’s private-sector creditors agreed to wipe off some of the debts, and also agreed to lower the present interest but this was not enough for Greece. Consequence of Greece’s economy -Austerity measure Increase of taxes, decrease wages What should Greece do in order to change its situation? Greece should implement budget cuts, higher taxes, improve labor market, lower pension reform. What can European Union do in order to protect Eurozone ST-GREEK : Similar to ST-stock (special treatment stock is a stock continues to have a loss for three years and has a risk to leave stock market) For example, European Union can give Greece some special treatment such as: 5% of financial deficits and fewer than 90% of public debt to gross domestic product; change the name of Greece in EU to ST-Greek; Audit Greece’s expenditure twice a year. European Union can also do same thing to Portugal, Italy, Ireland ; Spain. Hidden International Competition. The speed development of capitalist economies after World War 2 resulted between control and anti-control of America and Europe. The frequent trade between European countries helped economic union. U. S and Soviet Union’s situation had threatened the development of European countries. It was impossible for any single country to deal with that kind of threat, unless they stay together. That’s why the EU was formed. It was not a big deal for America at first, until EU had mentioned Eurozone. It suffered a drastic disagreement from London’s financial hub as it threatened the position of the U. S dollar. To split EU they supported the eastward enlargement of EU. When Germany and France succeeded, they already lost the advantage of EU. There’s a big economic difference between east Europe and west Europe and they were not trading frequently. If wolves stare at the most weak sheep, the sheep’s result is certain. Surely, wolves can not be satisfied for just one sheep, they wanted to eat all of the sheep, but a smart wolf would give sheep a chance to breed. After Greece, Portugal, Italy, Ireland and Spain may have risk of being eaten by the wolf. So, France and Germany face a difficult problem, if they help Greece, their citizens are not happy and the countries they help are not grateful for their bailout, they keep asking for more. If they don’t help those countries, they will leave EU subsequently making EU weaker. So, we can fairly say that it is the main purpose of London’s financial hub to make the dollar’s situation safe now as it will be a long time before EU can challenge the US dollar. In my opinion, every great change in this world is controlled by the super powers, to become more powerful they make other countries weak. After Japan, Southeast Asia and Europe, who will be next? The wolf will find different ways to weaken other countries in order to empower themselves. I think the simplest way is to observe what wolf does next. Further global implication and specifically Canada â€Å"Canada and Greece have been enjoying good trade relations for many years. Bilateral merchandise trade reached $256. 3 million in 2011. Canadian exports totaled $88. million, led by furs, vegetables and pharmaceutical products to Greece. Canadian imports from Greece totaled $168. 2 million in 2011, led by preserved food, fats and oil (mainly olive oil) and articles of iron and steel. † (http://www. canadainternational. gc. ca/greece-grece/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/index. aspx? lang=eng) Greece have to control their imports in order to pay for the debt, so their may decrease the import of Bilateral merchandise and furs, vegetables and pharmaceutical from Canada. It will have adverse effect on Canadian economy. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis

Elizabeth Barrett Browning :: essays research papers

Elizabeth Barrett, an English poet of the Romantic Movement, was born in 1806 at Coxhoe Hall, Durham, England. The oldest of twelve children, Elizabeth was the first in her family born in England in over two hundred years. For centuries, the Barrett family had lived in Jamaica, where they owned sugar plantations and had slave labor to run them. Elizabeth's father was Edward Barrett Moulton Barrett, who chose to raise his family in England, while his fortune grew in Jamaica. Elizabeth was educated at home, and had read passages from a number of Shakespearean plays, among other great works, before the age of ten. By her twelfth birthday she had written her first epic poem, which consisted of four books of rhyming couplets. Two years later Elizabeth developed a lung ailment that plagued her for the rest of her life. Doctors began treating her with morphine, which she would use until she died. While riding a pony when she was fifteen, Elizabeth also suffered a spinal injury. Throughout h er teenage years, Elizabeth taught herself Hebrew so that she could read the Old Testament. Her interests then later turned to Greek studies. Accompanying her appetite for the classics was a passionate enthusiasm for her Christian faith. She became active in the Bible and Missionary Societies of her church. In 1826 Elizabeth then anonymously published her collection An Essay on Mind and Other Poems. Two years after that her mother passed away. The slow abolition of slavery in England and mismanagement of the plantations depleted the Barrett's income. In 1832 Elizabeth's father sold his rural estate at a public auction. He moved his family to a coastal town and rented cottages for the next three years, before settling permanently in London. While living on the sea coast, Elizabeth published her translation of Prometheus Bound (1833), by the Greek dramatist Aeschylus. Gaining notoriety for her work in the 1830's, Elizabeth continued to live in her father's London house under his tyran nical rule. He began sending Elizabeth's younger siblings to Jamaica to help with the family's estates. Elizabeth bitterly opposed slavery and did not want her siblings sent away. During this time, she wrote The Seraphim and Other Poems (1838), expressing Christian sentiments in the form of classical Greek tragedy. Due to her weakening disposition she was forced to spend a year at the sea of Torquay accompanied by her brother Edward.

John Collier “Back for Christmas” Essay

The text â€Å"Back for Christmas† by John Collier is written in a style of fiction. The story is about farewell party to the doctor Carpenter and his wife. In the beginning of the text we can see the Carpenters’ living room that was filled with the close friends who had come to say â€Å"last-minute farewell† – the author used this epithet to show us that their friends would be missing him very much. On the contrary with his wife doctor Carpenter wasn’t sure he would come in time, he thought smth could spoil his plans. But his wife â€Å"beaming at them† said he would be back in England for Christmas. The metaphor is used to reassure everybody to make them believe in this. So, the farewells began. Mrs Carpenter tried her best to make all the arrangements on the high level and to prove it the author used such epithet as: â€Å"fluting of compliments† and â€Å"marvelous arrangements†. Carpenters were going to drive to Southampton that evening and would embark the following day. They have chosen this kind of transport for more comfortable travelling without any bustle. And to emphasize it the author the used the repetition â€Å"No trains, no bustle, no last minute worries†. So doctor Carpenter has contracted for lecture only three months and certainly he would be a great success in America. His wife Hermione has just tagged a long him to have some entertainment’s to see the big cities skyscrapers. Then the author uses repetitions â€Å"No extensions. No wonderful post†¦Ã¢â‚¬  that show us that his infirmary needs him. After the farewell dinner the maids washed up all the plates, come in to say goodbye and were in time to catch the afternoon bus to Devizes. So, to my mind, the main idea of the text – east or west home is the best.

Educational Theatre Essay

We have been trying to put these issues into different types of drama and trying to put across all the different sides to these issues. For example rape: Is one rapist, worse than another? In this essay I am going to be explaining what we did to put these issues across in a form of drama, what complications we came across, what my part in each drama was and what went well and what went wrong. My group set about the task of putting Surrogacy across by trying to look at every aspect of it. Our aims were to show how many different people come into it and how it affects each individual involved. For instance, I played the part of the surrogate mothers employer. Before the surrogate mother had decided that she would carry the baby, she came to me as her employer to explain the situation. What was going through my mind was things such as: How much time off work she would take, how much it would cost the company etc. So I was reluctant to let her carry this baby but was persuaded in the end. We also looked at other aspects that would affect the Surrogate Mother. These included: How her social life would be affected, how her friendship with the person she was carrying the baby for would develop, her family and how she would be affected financially. One problem with the surrogate mother in our play had been that she didn’t have the backing of her parents. I also played the role of her father and insisted that I wouldn’t speak to my daughter again. This was because I was playing the role of someone with very old-fashioned values and thought that what my daughter was doing was disgusting and not very ethical. This put a massive amount of strain on the surrogate mother. She basically had to pick between her friends and family. In the end she chose her friend though because she knew how much she wanted a baby and how much it would mean to her. So our group basically tried to show all the different sides there are to surrogacy, its not just about someone carrying a baby for someone, it’s about a lot more than that. What I think went well was how flexible the people in our group were. We all played 3 or 4 different characters during the play and we all managed with this really well. I played a counsellor, the surrogate mums father and her boss. Another thing I think we did well was our setting out of the stage. Between each scene the stage had to be rearranged quite a lot and the members of our group did this quickly and efficiently. The things we did badly I thought was the acting of emotions. Most people of the age of the members in our group have had little or no experience with an issue such as surrogacy. Therefore they did really well to act as they did but I still don’t think we done it quite as good as we could have. My conclusion is that educational theatre is the most gripping type of theatre. And to do it well you need actors and good stage directions. If I were to work on this project again I would make sure that a lot more research had been done into the issues we had to deal with in these plays. I think this would make the acting a lot more realistic and give the actor/actress a bit more of an idea of the role they are playing.

Jackson vs. Dickinson Essay Example

Jackson vs. Dickinson Essay Example Jackson vs. Dickinson Paper Jackson vs. Dickinson Paper A very characteristically Southern duel between Andrew Jackson and Charles Dickinson. Charles Dickinson, 27 years old and having had a few drinks in him, made some â€Å"uncomplimentary remarks about Rachel Jackson, Andrew’s Wife, who was the subject of much gossip (Williams, p. 18). † The reaction was predictable, the next day Andrew Jackson confronted Dickinson, who attempted to no avail to apologize and found himself facing off against Jackson on â€Å"the field of honor† in May of 1806. According to William’s account, Dickinson aimed and did successfully wound Jackson in the chest. Old Hickory, however, lived up to his name and did not fall when struck. He clutched the wound, took one shot that failed to discharge his weapon and then a Second that killed Dickinson. Clay vs. Randolph On Saturday, April 8, 1825, Henry Clay and John Randolph squared off in Virginia over the latter’s support for John Quincy Adams and Clay’s having insulted Randolph for it. Randolph had a reputation for being a deadly-accurate marksman and it was assumed among most Washington officials that Clay would not survive the encounter. What followed was as farcical as any duel could have been. Randolph’s pistol discharged before the duel was underway. Clay, not satisfied, insisted that they carry though. The duel was held at thirty-steps distance, apparently beyond the marksmanship skills of either duelist. Clay shot and hit the ground, Randolph managed to hit a tree stump. Still, despite the urging of a Second, they insisted on carrying through. The third attempt was slightly more impressive, Clay managed to penetrate Randolph’s coat. Randolph, according to the Code Duello, now had the right to fire upon Clay. After stretching out the moment, apparently for maximum dramatic impact, he opted to fire into the air, against the rules of the Code Duello. Clay inquired whether he had injured Mr. Randolph’s to which Randolph replied â€Å"No, Mr. Clay. But you owe me a new coat. † (Kentucky, 2005)

Understand and Prevent Memory Leaks in Delphi

Understand and Prevent Memory Leaks in Delphi Delphis support for object-oriented programming is rich and powerful. Classes and objects allow for modular code programming. Along with more modular and more complex components come more sophisticated and more complex bugs. While developing applications in Delphi is (almost) always fun, there are situations when you feel like the whole world is against you. Whenever you need to use (create) an object in Delphi, you need to free the memory it consumed (once no longer needed). Surely, the try/finally memory guarding blocks can help you prevent memory leaks; its still up to you to safeguard your code. A memory (or resource) leak occurs when the program loses the ability to free the memory it consumes. Repeated memory leaks cause the memory usage of a process to grow without bounds. Memory leaks are a serious problem if you have a code causing memory leak, in an application running 24/7, the application will eat up all the memory available and finally make the machine stop responding. Memory Leaks in Delphi The first step to avoiding memory leaks is to understand how they occur. What follows is a discussion on some common pitfalls and best practices for writing non-leaking Delphi code. In most (simple) Delphi applications, where you use the components (Buttons, Memos, Edits, etc.) you drop on a form (at design time), you do not need to care too much about memory management. Once the component is placed on a form, the form becomes its owner and will free the memory taken by the component once the form is closed (destroyed). Form, as the owner, is responsible for memory deallocation of the components it hosted. In short: components on a form are created and destroyed automatically Examples of Memory Leaks In any non-trivial Delphi application, you will want to instantiate Delphi components at run time. You will, also, have some of your own custom classes. Lets say you have a class TDeveloper that has a method DoProgram. Now, when you need to use the TDeveloper class, you create an instance of the class by calling the Create method (constructor). The Create method allocates memory for a new object and returns a reference to the object. varzarko : TDeveloperbeginzarko : TMyObject.Create;zarko.DoProgram;end; And heres a simple memory leak! Whenever you create an object, you must dispose of the memory it occupied. To free the memory an object allocated, you must call the Free method. To be perfectly sure, you should also use the try / finally block: varzarko : TDeveloperbeginzarko : TMyObject.Create;tryzarko.DoProgram;finallyzarko.Free;end;end; This is an example of safe memory allocation and deallocation code. Some words of warning: If you want to dynamically instantiate a Delphi component and explicitly free it sometime later, always pass nil as the owner. Failure to do so can introduce unnecessary risk, as well as performance and code maintenance problems. Besides creating and destroying objects using the Create and Free methods, you must also be very careful when using external (files, databases, etc) resources.Lets say you need to operate on some text file. In a very simple scenario, where the AssignFile method is used to associate a file on a disk with a file variable when you are finished with the file, you must call CloseFile to free the file handle to begin used. This is where you do not have an explicit call to Free. varF: TextFile;S: string;beginAssignFile(F, c:\somefile.txt) ;tryReadln(F, S) ;finallyCloseFile(F) ;end;end; Another example includes loading external DLLs from your code. Whenever you use LoadLibrary, you must call FreeLibrary: vardllHandle : THandle;begindllHandle : Loadlibrary(MyLibrary.DLL) ;//do something with this DLLif dllHandle 0 then FreeLibrary(dllHandle) ;end; Memory Leaks in .NET? Although with Delphi for .NET the garbage collector (GC) manages most memory tasks, it is possible to have memory leaks in .NET applications. Heres an article discussion GC in Delphi for .NET. How to Fight Against Memory Leaks Besides writing modular memory-safe code, preventing memory leaks can be done by using some of the third-party tools available. Delphi Memory Leak Fix Tools help you catch Delphi application errors such as memory corruption, memory leaks, memory allocation errors, variable initialization errors, variable definition conflicts, pointer errors, and more.

Evolution of Modern Corporate Marketing Departments Essay

Evolution of Modern Corporate Marketing Departments - Essay Example In other words, we can say that last year at least, these top companies did a good job of marketing. â€Å"Marketing is so basic that it is not just enough to have a strong sales department and entrust marketing to it. Marketing is not only much broader than selling; it is not a specialized activity at all. It encompasses the entire business. It is the whole business seen from the point of view of its final result, that is, from the customer’s point of view. Concern and responsibility for marketing must therefore permeate all areas of the enterprise† (p. 36). Drucker predated Levitt (1960) in defining how the marketing function involves understanding and anticipating future customer needs while satisfying today’s customers who determine what a business is, what they consider â€Å"value† for which they are willing to pay the right price, and what the business should produce. In the over half a century since, marketing has evolved to be a highly, if not the most, important component of running a business successfully. Every profitable and sustainable business, from small enterprises to charities, has a marketing component tasked with finding out what sells (Gummesson, 2002). The American Marketing Association (AMA, 2004) defines marketing as â€Å"an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders.† That most of the companies in the Fortune 500 list (though some like GM decreased their revenues and suffered a $10 billion loss) were able to sell products and services profitably showed that the organizational function of marketing delivered on its promise, helped the business fulfill its purpose, and satisfied its stakeholders. Higher record sales and

Social Media Recovery for Costa Crociere Term Paper

Social Media Recovery for Costa Crociere - Term Paper Example Costa Crociere SpA generally operates their business trading functions as Costa Cruises. The initial foundation of the company was in the year 1854. It has its headquarters located in Genoa, Italy. The company performs its business operations throughout the world that include Northern Europe, Caribbean, South America and Dubai among other regions (Costa Crociere SpA, 2012). As a matter of fact, in the year 2010, Costa Crociere SpA proved itself as one of the companies that successfully reached up to the benchmark of Italian services and tourism especially for its reputation and reliability in the international research that is popularly known as â€Å"Global Reputation Pulse†. Furthermore, in the year 2011, Costa Crociere SpA emerged in the ranking of Mediobanca that carried out assessment of 3,700 Italian enterprises which ultimately made the company to reach a turnover of approximately 50 million Euros during that year. In this connection, the company or the group was ranked amid the top 10 companies in terms of profitability and productivity and also in terms of turnover (Costa Crociere SpA, 2012). Costa Cruise has been accredited with an incorporated arrangement of voluntary certification of conformity along with highest international benchmark towards the aspect of safety, quality, environment and social accountability. Costa Crociere is fundamentally denoted as an international company holding its several offices in different regions such as Paris, Barcelona, Madrid, Zurich, Brussels and Lisbon among others. The company employs more than 19,000 working people throughout its organisation and is organised into a flexible arrangement of various human resource functions (Costa Crociere SpA, 2012). The prime vision of Costa Crociere is to serve better as well as with enhanced services to their worldwide customers with special regards to behaviour. The aspect of consumer satisfaction is the principal motive and also the mission of Costa Crociere. In terms of business operations, since the year 1997, especially Air France and Costa Cruises are the partners, sharing the similar visi on or objective of delivering superior and enhanced services to their worldwide guests or customers along with maximising customer satisfaction (Costa Crociere SpA, 2012). In this connection, one of the partners of Costa Crociere i.e. Air France is an airline which operates in an international network and also performs its business operations in 182 cities in 98 countries. Air France offers more than 1,700 flights which generally covers numerous destinations throughout the world. The hub of Air France is recognised as one of the most efficient hubs in the entire Europe. Along with Costa Crociere, the main priority of Air France is to ensure ultimate customer satisfaction (Costa Crociere SpA, 2012). In the paper, a detailed analysis regarding the accident that Costa Crociere had faced along with certain weaknesses as well as threats that they faced due to the accident will be depicted. Various aspects that include preparation of a social marketing plan on behalf of Costa Crociere in terms of strategy, tactics, action, implementation and control will also be portrayed in the discussion. A Brief Situation Analysis of Costa Crociere

Casa study of Computer Driven Trading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Casa study of Computer Driven Trading - Essay Example By eradicating many technical, geographic, and cost barriers impeding the comprehensive flow of information, the Internet is increasing the speed of information revolution, exciting new uses of information technology and latest business models (Loudon, 1998). Since the year 1970s, stock broking dealings have been electronic, getting rid of need for a physical marketplace where purchasers and retailers confer (Rob, 2007). Computer driven trading is also recognized as algorithmic trading is an expansion of that development and employs computer programs to give orders by means of the algorithm making a decision for the timing, cost and still amount of the orders. It financial records for approximately 40 percent of all United Kingdom share dealings (McDowall, 2005). Computer driven trading is the exercise of computer programs for entering business dealing orders by means of the computer algorithm making an assessment on certain features of the order for instance the price, timing or still the closing amount of the orders. It is extensively utilized through evade pension funds, funds, joint funds, and additional institutional dealers to separated up a huge trade into a number of minor trades in order to administer marketplace impact, prospect price, and risk1. It is as well utilized through hedge resources and comparable dealers to put together the choices to start orders supported on information that is established electronically, previous to human traders are still conscious of the information. How it is used? Computer driven trading can be utilized by means of investment policy, comprising marketplace making, arbitrage, inter-market dispersion, or pure speculation (comprising tendency following). The savings assessment and implementation may possibly be increased at any phase by means of algorithmic support or may function totally automatically (Rob, 2007). Where it is implemented? In year 2006 at the London Stock Exchange, more than

Impact Of Higher Level Teaching Assistant Education Essay

Impact Of Higher Level Teaching Assistant Education Essay In 2003, there has been a reform that was signed in order to reform the school workforce. Sets of National Standards were produced in order to reflect the production of Higher Level Teaching Assistants (HLTA). The main purpose of posting HLTAs is to provide a high level of classroom support to help ensure that teachers can focus on their teaching role. A HLTA post-holder will be expected to take on more involved roles in support of teaching and learning and may line manage other support staff (e.g. TAs, LSAs). The precise details of the role will be determined by the school/college. HLTAs work strictly under the direction and guidance of a teacher, within the framework of management and supervision of their school/college. Responsibility for teaching and learning remains with the teacher (and ultimately the head/principal), who will exercise their professional judgment based on what is best for pupils. The distinction between HLTAs and TAs is that HLTAs take on higher level roles than other TAs, including planning their own role within the classroom (in support of the teachers planning) and undertaking some teaching activities within an appropriate system of supervision provided by a teacher. HLTAs may line manage other support staff, including TAs. This paper shall discuss the impact made by HLTAs on teaching and learning. This shall also look into the cost being incurred by posting HLTAs as well as supply rates as opposed to covering of teaching assistants. Impact of HLTA in Teaching Practice The NfER 2007 report Deployment and impact of support staffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ cited in the cwd council e-bulletin no.06 August 2007 revealed more than 90% of the senior leaders who responded believe Higher Level Teaching Assistants are having a positive effect within schools and on pupil performance. In some school localities the opportunity to use able TAs in community liaison and fund raising has been a real bonus, bringing very diverse communities closer together. Equally comments such as C. contributes to the School Improvement Plan and represents TAs and chairs TA meetings every two weeks, clearly demonstrates how the role of the TA can be moved forward to the benefit of a whole setting particularly as many settings now have a considerable number of TAs. One setting had twenty three TAs, all of whom need managing and timetabling. She (the HLTA) has a base room and allocates other TAs to specific classes, were the words from one setting. TAs also need to be kept informed of happenings and discussions within settings thus a HLTA representative at meetings has aided the ability to keep TAs informed as they cascade information. It also means that TAs do not all need to attend meetings and yet are all kept informed. This means that numbers at meetings are more manageable and it means TAs who are paid less do not need to give up more unpaid time. There is also the security of knowing that the person covering a class understands and works to the standards but there are difficulties if the HLTA is absent as there are no HLTA supplies currently and so frequently a supply teacher has to be brought in to cover the absent HLTA. In fact there is no insurance to cover the supply when covering for a HLTA. This also raises the issue of pay as the supply would earn more than the TA. There was however one school which had Level two TAs taking classes during PPA time this was questionable as neither wished to undertake HLTA but it is not known if these two had other qualifications that would make this more acceptable. Webb (2010) however argued that while teachers acknowledge the expertise of the assigned HLTAs, as well as the contribution that they are making, most of the teachers believe that their professionalism are being compromised. According to Webbs study, this is because of the HLTAs lack of teaching qualifications. Stewart (2009) shares this same argument. On his study, teachers viewed that the creation of HLTAs is a threat for their professional status. Moreover, a review of Childrens Services Scrutiny Committee was conducted in Oxfordshire County Council with regards to the impact of having support staff in classes. In summary, there have been varied response with regards to the advantages and disadvantages of such. The impact on teachers workload and morale has been positive, though many teachers report that workload continues to increase. Some head teachers, especially, suggest that many teachers have become less flexible. The impact on head teachers workload has been considerable, notably in small schools, especially where they have taken on the responsibility for the details of organization and additional teaching commitments. This has had a negative effect on morale. The impact on support staff has been extremely varied. Some, especially those training to be teachers or HLTAs have greatly welcomed the increased responsibility of leading classes. Of those teaching assistants leading classes without additional training, some enj oy the additional responsibility, but most feel that they do not have the necessary skills, expertise and experience, especially those working with older children. Support staff are often treated with less respect than teachers. Most planning takes account of the medium-term plan, but the responsibility for planning sessions varies widely. Those releasing teachers unwillingly are often concerned about the quality of lessons and sometimes about the health and safety implications. Most support staff have little or no timetabled time to prepare. Much the most common concern, even from those who welcomed the new opportunities, is that any increased levels of pay, by no means universal, in no way matches the additional responsibility. The benefits for teachers workload and morale are perceived to be mainly at the expense of head teachers and support staff who do not wish to lead classes but are doing so. Impact of HLTA in Learning The main benefits for learning are raised standards and support for the students and greater ability to monitor childrens progress. There is also greater continuity and one person questioned said, we are able to deliver sessions more effectively as they (TAs) know the expectations. The TAs also support booster groups, reading, and extends the gifted and talented, and writes reports. According to Walker (2010), there are positive impacts of HLTAs especially those assigned in mathematics and the sciences. According to the students that was interviewed in his case study, the HLTAs made it easier for them to concentrate and stay focused on their tasks; HLTAs also made them feel comfortable, confident and allows them to ask questions; and made the learning experience fun and also HLTAs have helped them to recognize the importance of the subject matter. Moreover, a review of Childrens Services Scrutiny Committee was conducted in Oxfordshire County Council with regards to the impact of having support staff in classes in terms of the students learning and progress. During PPA time, some schools continue with the usual curriculum, especially for children in the Foundation Stage and nursery schools. A changed curriculum is more usual, with PE, Art/Design Technology and a modern foreign language being the most common subjects covered by specialists. Where teaching assistants lead sessions, spelling, handwriting, guided reading and math practice were popular, with other aspects of literacy and numeracy rarely covered. ICT, PSHCE and RE were less frequently mentioned science, history and geography only occasionally. The impact on the quality of the curriculum during PPA time depends very substantially on the quality of the staff leading classes. Where these are specialist teachers or coaches, most schools thought the curriculum was enriche d. Unchallenging lessons result in lessons less well differentiated for those of different abilities. This often leads to poor behavior where staff leading a class were not well qualified and familiar with the children, especially with older children in Key Stage 2. Children who find change difficult were reported as finding a range of adults difficult, but the Review Group believes it is good for children to learn to relate to different adults, as long as this change is not too frequent. The range of the curriculum was usually thought in schools where specialists are used to have been broadened, sometimes in the subjects covered, sometimes in extending provision to a wider age range. The evidence suggests that the quality of teaching and learning has improved in the rest of the week, particularly because of improved planning and assessment. However, time for curriculum coordinators has been reduced. Though many support staff, especially, are concerned about reduced targeted support for children with special educational needs, the evidence on the overall impact on this group is not conclusive. The use of outside specialists runs the risk of reducing opportunities for cross curricular links and, unless the National Curriculum is closely followed, not providing full curriculum coverage and appropriate progression within a subject. Monitoring both at class and at whole-school level of the impact of PPA time on the curriculum has mostly been informal. Impact of HLTA in Engagement The feedback from one setting with regard to engagement was using TAs has engaged the children and given a sense of purpose. Another setting remarked that there was now very good constant contact with all the staff and children, which is clear evidence of good practice. Overall the engagement appeared to be better or what we already do or just reinforced or brilliant as one setting put it. The feedback to Have HLTAs had an impact in the workplace was generally positive, HLTAs have undertaken PPA, they have covered a range of subjects, some of the OFSTED reports have commented on the good work of the TAs and evidence was in raised standards in some subjects. They had enriched practice as a direct result of their personal and varied experience. One head-teacher even went so far as to say that experience has more of an impact than the qualification/ status, but as another head remarked an unqualified set of staff is a mums army. Generally only those HLTAs who could manage the children were given extended roles as no setting wishes to create further problems. The skills and strengths of the TA were always taken into consideration. The tracking of children had been developed in some settings. One setting said they had fewer problems as it is a familiar adult. Overall the engagement of children was very positive but the HLTA had to be competent as the classes need to see them as the teachers equal. Another setting said that children are open minded to any engaging teacher or TA, thus where the HLTA demonstrates this, the outcome is positive. Positives in Achieving HLTA A study conducted by the Derby City Local Authority have results regarding the positive advantages of having TAs in attaining HLTA. This new knowledge in turn makes the person feel more confident which in turn develops their sense of self and thus raises their own and others perception of themselves. The NfER report 2007 cited in the cwdcouncil e-bulletin no.06 August 2007 claimed that 74% of HLTAs said their status had led to increased confidence and over half cited greater job satisfaction. 73% of TAs agreed that they would recommend HLTA to other TAs clearly demonstrating a positive view of the achievement. 75% believed HLTA had opened up new opportunities for them. 92% felt HLTA was the best way forward in terms of professional development. Currently the TAs are not convinced that HLTA has helped them to progress but there is still a slight increase in those who think it has as the following demonstrates. The question did not really apply to those who had not yet achieved HLTA. 31% said HLTA had helped them to progress professionally whilst only 15% said that HLTA had not helped them to progress professionally. Overall those who had achieved HLTA were fairly positive and the results demonstrated that remodeling has had an impact but there is less clarity as to the role HLTA has played in this. 35% felt positive about achieving HLTA whilst only 4% were negative about achieving HLTA. Conclusion There was quite clearly a role in most settings for a HLTA or equivalent and this person usually had effective interpersonal skills, was good at time management and planning, they frequently had an additional skill such as art or music and as one Head teacher put it, they need to prove themselves as all employed people have to. The organisation of a setting often had an impact on the number of HLTAs or equivalents as some settings developed one TAs role whilst others split the extended role between two or more TAs. This could also reflect the number of TAs who are ready and experienced sufficiently for such a role as HLTA. Deployment of HLTAs needs to be more attractive with remuneration but once this is achieved HLTAs can make a significant contribution to the management of other TAs, to scaffolding information and representing TAs at meetings. The TAs are interested in further training with a small per cent age of TAs seeking HLTA or teaching and some TAs still requiring Key Skills. There needs to be a relevant professional development route for aspiring TAs with more recognition of the different routes. The HLTA status training needs to include a direct observation of the potential HLTA working with a large group or class as happens to all NQTs and other adults working with classes. TAs are making a considerable contribution to our schools and this research so far seems to demonstrate their distinct contribution as stated in the TDA (2006:3)HLTA Training pack but they are by their continued professional development also helping to create the World-class workforce for children, young people and families, that is the Childrens Workforce Development Councils vision. However as one TA remarked, I would not be interested in the HLTA as I feel that the work involved is far greater than the recognition and pay. This needs to be addressed if we wish to encourage TAs to embrace the changes further. Yet 75% of TAs would still recommend HLTA to other TAs. Overall, the presented literature show that in terms of HLTAs impact on teaching, there are two opposing views. Some of the teachers view that HLTAs are a threat to their profession. In spite of the contributions that HLTAs are giving, it is believed that their professionalism are being compromised because of the lack of teaching experience of HLTAs. On the other hand, other teachers reported that HLTAs have positive contributions for the improvement of their teachings quality. Many teachers still believe that the support that these HLTAs are giving helped them in reducing their workloads and stress. In terms of learning, HLTAs support has contributed in the improvement of the students understanding of the subject matter. Also, they have helped in the improvement of of the students achievement and opportunities for their personalized learning. Finally, in spite of varying opinions regarding the impact of HLTA, it is very important to note that these higher level teaching assistants are doing their best to aid the teachers. It is recommended that their skills should be monitored and upgraded periodically so that their outputs could be exceptional as well.

Comparing Two Heros - Beowulf and Odysseus Essay -- Homer Odyssey Epic

Comparing Two Heros - Beowulf and Odysseus Reading through Beowulf I began to compare it to the last great epic I read, Homer’s Odyssey. While the Odyssey and Beowulf are each examples of both historic and modern ideas of heroism, the acts of Beowulf’s hero seem to fit better within its context. Beowulf exhibits many obvious heroic qualities, such as his strength and confidence in battle. These along with more subtle diplomatic actions serve to define him as both a great warrior and leader. Beowulf shows both wit and patience in his swift retort after Unferth challenges his skill. Later, after proving himself by dismembering Grendel, he accepts Unferth’s sword to face Grendel’s mother. This offering can be seen as an act of apology or forfeit on Unferth’s part and reveals another side of the hero: forgiveness. Beowulf did not deny Unferth his repentance, nor did he ridicule him upon his conceit. In contrast with Beowulf’s concrete depictions of good versus evil, The Odyssey focuses more on the gray areas of punishment and revenge. A main theme throughout the poe...

Encryption and Decryption Algorithm

Encryption and Decryption algorithm using ASCII values with substitution approach.First Author: M.Shruthi and Second Author: Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bachupally, Nizampet, 500092www.griet.ac.in I.AbstractThis paper shows the possibility of employing the characteristics of available algorithms with poly-alphabetic substitution techniques in a linear fashion, to produce ASCII values of the typed text and then putting in the translating, transposition techniques in order to get the encrypted text. Before generating the cipher text, the algorithm will result in Message digest of the given text. This algorithm implements the model of symmetric Key cryptography. This algorithm can be implemented in any programming language such as C, C++, Java etc. In poly-alphabetic substitution the plain text's letters are encrypted differently corresponding to their position. The name poly-alphabetic proposes that can be more than one key so we have used two keys combination instead of one, in order that it produces the cipher text. We can also use three or more keys to make the encoding process more complex. In this paper have generated ASCII Codes of the plain text and then we have reversed it say it as reverse ASCII Codes and then we have produced two random keys named K1 and K2. Then these K1 and K2 Keys are alternatively applied on Reverse ASCII codes in order to produce encrypted text. On the other hand Decrypting algorithm is used to generate the plain text again. Our technique generates random cipher text for the same plain text and this is the major asset of our technique.II. IntroductionRelated work:a. IntroductionNow-a-days need of security is essential to make data secure from the unauthorized user to access. Security is needed in many of the organizations like military, budgets of Government, it is also necessary to our general economy and many business applications also. Business application involves the security among the data of the institute in which information about of the employees, manager workers and owner's profit is itself stored and similarly, application i.e, utilised by the user's according to their use also requires security. So security plays an indispensable role in our day to day life. Cryptography is one of the techniques for guarding data.Information Security is a set of thoughts for managing the processes, tools and policies necessary to prevent, detect, document and counter threats to digital and non-digital content. The responsibilities of Information security include launching a set of business processes that will safeguard information assets regardless of how information is formatted or whether it is transit, is being processed or is at rest in storage.Important information or data cannot be sent across the internet without implementing any security mechanism, because this data can be seen by any intermediate person in order to change the message.So the command for Information Security across the networks is expeditiously increasing day-by-day. Every business organisation has a burden to secure their data from being loss or theft. A message digest is a cryptographic hash function which includes a group of digits generated by a hash formula. Message digests are intended to secure the integrity of a piece of data or information to identify changes or alterations to any part of a message. Basic terms for secure communication are:Let us consider two parties that want to communicate secretly, A and B. If A wants to send something to B, some information, we call that information a plaintext. After encrypting the plaintext a cipher text is produced. B knows the encryption method since he is the intended receiver and since he must use the same method together with his secret key to decrypt the cipher text and reveal the plaintext.b. Related Work:1. Avinash Sharma and his team have proposed a technique for encryption and decryption. In this paper they have explained about encryption and decryption techniques using ASCII values and substitution approach. (IJASCSE Vol 1, Issue 3, 2012)2. R.Venkateshwaran in his paper shows the possibility of utilizing the features of Genetic techniques with poly substitution methods in a linear way, to produce ASCII values of the given text and then employ transition, substitution with the features of Cryptography. (International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 3 – No.7, June 2010)3. Sumith Chowdary and his team described about the algorithm in which randomly generated numbers are used with the help of modulus and remainder by making program in any language i.e. c, c++ and java. (IJARCCE Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2013)III. Basic Mechanism for cryptographyP=Plain text C=Cipher text X= Some Plain text Y=Cipher text of plain text K=Any Random key E(K,X): Encryption of X using key D(K,Y): Decryption of Y using K C=E[K,P] P=D[E,C]IV. History of CryptographyThe art of cryptography is considered to be born along with the art of writing. As civilizations period started, human beings got incorporated in tribes, groups, and kingdoms. This led to outgrowth of ideas such as power, battles, supremacy, and politics. These thoughts further furnished the natural need of people to communicate covertly with discriminative recipient which in turn assured the continuous evolution of cryptography as well. The roots of cryptography are found in Roman and Egyptian civilizations. The word Cryptography has been derived from the Greek word kryptos (hidden) and graphing (writing).Cryptography is the technique with which a plain text can be converted to cipher text so that this cipher text is not understandable by anyone excluding the recipient. Cryptography, the science of encrypting and decrypting information can be traced back all the way to year 2000 BC in Egypt. Here it was first used with the help of the standard hieroglyphics in order to communicate secretly. Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) used a simple substitution cipher which has been named after him today. During the first and the second war the command for confidentiality increased rapidly all kinds of new cryptographic techniques developed.V. Objective of the AlgorithmThe core objective of the research is to safeguard information stealing in what so ever manner it may be, with the use of appropriate technology. To secure information spilling and to provide a high-level integrity and authenticity to data or information using MD5 and Cryptographic algorithm that is sent over the network. Integrity: Ensures that a message is unchanged from the time it sent from the sender and till it is opened by the receiver.Authenticity: It verifies whether the identity of user in the system is a true or genuine user.To check the integration of message/information MAC is verified.VI. Algorithm for EncryptionDecryption and MAC Generation:Algorithm encryption{Generate two random keys k1, K2.Take dataFind ASCII values for each character in the data.Reverse each ASCII value and store it.Add each key alternatively to each reversed ASCII value.//This is the encrypted data.}Algorithm decryption{Take the encrypted data and random numbers.Subtract the keys from the encrypted dataEach alternativelyReverse the obtained values.// The reversed values will be ASCII codes of characters.Print the retrieved ASCII value's corresponding characters.}Algorithm MD5{Firstly append padded bitsThen append lengthInitialise MD BufferLater process message in 16-word blocks.Display the output.}Encryption Process: The above figure (fig 1.1) depicts the procedure of encryption.Let the text be HELLO WORLD.Firstly, generate 2 random keys named k1 and k2. For example let us assumeK1 =1123K2=1452Then translate the each character of message into its corresponding ASCII Code and the we reverse these ASCII codes. (This is shown in table1.1)Next, these keys k1, K2 are added alternatively to reverse ASCII numbers in order to generate cipher text. Table 1.1:Plain text ASCII number Reverse ASCII Number Cipher textH 72 27 1150E 101 101 1553L 108 801 2253L 108 801 1923O 111 111 1563 32 23 1146W 87 78 1530O 111 111 1234R 114 411 1863L 108 801 1923D 100 001 1453Decryption Process: This technique is exactly reverse technique to that of encryption. So in this process, subtract the keys from the obtained cipher text.That is first subtract k1 from first value of encrypted/cipher text and then subtract K2 from second value of cipher text, consecutively. Repeat this step until you reach to the end of the message.Finally we will get the plain text which was sent by user.Following table will depict the process of decryption:Cipher text Reversed ASCII number ASCII code Plain text1150 27 72 H1553 101 101 E2253 801 108 L1923 801 108 L1563 111 111 O1146 23 32 1530 78 87 W1234 111 111 O1863 411 114 R1923 801 108 L1453 001 100 DVII. MAC Generation:The MD5 hashing algorithm is a cryptographic technique that accepts a text of any length as input data and returns as output a constant-length digest parameter to be utilised for authenticating the true message.From past years, there has been exaggerated interest in generating a MAC produced from a Cryptographic hash code, like SHA-1, MD5, etc. Here in this, we have used MD5 algorithm for resulting a 128 bit hash-value. It is employed as a checksum to ascertain data integrity.Ex:1. helloMD5 Hash of your string: 5D41402ABC4B2A76B9719D911017C5922. The attack is at 5 p.m.MD5 Hash of your string: 54759A4BE2031EA6CC8D56B10CD4A9AAVIII. Snap shots of the algorithm implementationHome page: After entering some text: Click on encrypt button: Click on Decrypt button: If the text-box is empty: And if clicked encrypt then it results to a message:IX. Key words and AbbreviationsCryptography: The process of encrypting and decrypting text for securing it.Cryptanalysis: is the art of decoding or obtaining plain text from hidden messages over an insecure channel. It is also known as code cracking.Encryption: The technique of converting plain text into some other format with the help of a key is known as Encryption. Decryption: The technique of altering cipher text or encrypted text into plain (original) text is called as Decryption with the help of same key or other key.Key: An amount of information used for encrypting and decrypting text.Cipher text: The message written in secret code and is not understandable by anyone. Plain text: The original message given by end-user.Encryption Algorithm: An Algorithm for encrypting given text.Decryption Algorithm: An Algorithm for decrypting the encrypted text.MD5 Algorithm: An Algorithm for finding 128 bit Message digest for the given text.Abbreviations used:MAC: Message Authentication CodeASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange.MD5: Message Digest v5X. Future scopeThis algorithm is formulated for the sake of security.There are many future scope of substitution approach employing ASCII value for Encryption & Decryption. Firstly it is certified that any intermediate person don't hack the data between the gap of plain text and cipher text. Secondly receiver receives the encrypted text as it's same as the senders send the plain text. Thirdly in the contemporary world, new technologies ameliorate day by day so we can exaggerate changes in this algorithm according to the requirement. This work can be further improvised upon in the future in many different ways.XI. ConclusionThere are many techniques such as RSA, IDEA, AES, DES, DIFFIE-HELLMAN algorithms and much more that can be utilized to modify a plain text into cipher text to transfer over the network so nobody else than an actual recipient can understand the message. But Substitution and Transposition is the ground for every algorithm as each and every algorithm employs Transposition or Substitution or both of them. In this view we have introduced a new technique that is titled as substitution using ASCII Codes. This new method for text encryption and decryption behaves randomly so grouping of the same cipher text and breaks it by just guessing it becomes more difficult. This technique of combining cryptography and Message digest can lead to new area of research on securing data by other mechanisms. This technique of text encrypts and decrypt employing ASCII algorithm is definitely an impelling process when compared with other cryptographic systems. This algorithm is very meteoric, procure and trust worthy.XII. References:1. Stallings W. Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice, 2/3e Prentice hall, 1999; 30-49.2. Author: Vineet Sukhraliya, Sumit Chaudhary, Sangeeta Solanki, Title: Encryption and Decryption Algorithm using substitution array approach. IJARCCE Vol 2 Issue 8 August 2013.3.Author: Avinash Sharma, Anurag Bhatnagar, Nikhar Tak, Anuradha Sharma, Jitendra Avasthi, Prerna Sharma Title: An Approach Of Substitution Method Based On ASCII Codes In Encryption Technique ,IJASCSE Vol 1, Issue 3, 20124.Author: R. Venkateswaran Dr. V. Sundaram, Title: Text Encryption and Decryption with Poly Substitution Method and Combining the Feat ures of Cryptography. IJCA Vol 3 – No. 7 June 2010. 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography 6.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5XII.

Jane Austen strongly emphasises the links between romance and finance: her attitude is always practical

At the time in which Austen was writing women were under enormous pressure to marry for the purpose of securing their financial futures. Therefore, marriage, though romanticised, was in many ways a financial transaction and social alliance rather than a matter of love. Although Jane Austen did not condone loveless marriages (she stayed single all her life), she did approve of matches having equality in various aspects, including wealth, social status, love and mind. Austen strongly believed in not marrying for the wrong reasons. With reference to money this meant that a person Austen would disapprove of would be someone who married purely for the gain of wealth. Perhaps those who are well of anyway, but want a greater financial security in life, or those who were of mediocre wealth who married for money to avoid being a poor spinster in later life. An example of someone who wishes to marry for money in ‘Pride and Prejudice' would be Caroline Bingley. Caroline Bingley, by way of her brother's good fortune is a wealthy character, with a dowry of, â€Å"twenty thousand pounds† Her financial interest in marrying Mr. Darcy would be for the gain of a greater financial standing. Miss Bingley shows little true affection or understanding for his character, indeed Miss Bingley says to him, â€Å"You are considering how insupportable it would be to pass many evenings in this manner- in such society† The assumption made here is that Miss Bingley thinks herself to have the same status and therefore feelings as Mr. Darcy. We are told later on that Miss Bingley whilst reading a book in Mr. Darcy's company, â€Å"†¦ quite exhausted by the attempt to be amused with her own book, which she had only chosen because it was the second volume of his†¦ This shows us that Miss Bingley has few of the same interests or indeed the same superior mind as Darcy, making the match unsuitable, for in Jane Austen's view a couple should generally not only have equality in status but in mind as well. This relationship is comparable to that of the Eltons in ‘Emma'. Mrs. Elton, formerly Miss Augusta Hawkins is from a trade background in Bristol, is one of the characters that Jane Austen classifies as ‘neuveau riche'. Mrs. Elton is married to Mr. Elton, who at the beginning of the novel appears to be a relatively handsome, agreeable village vicar but who quickly becomes a character who is presented as being proud, conceited, and superficial. This match of these characters in a financial manner is considered, by Austen to be suitable. Mr Knightley says to Emma, â€Å"Elton knows the value of a good income as well as anybody, Elton may talk sentimentally, but he will act rationally. † By marrying Mrs Elton he is gaining a good financial source. She has a brother with a large fortune residing at ‘Maple Grove' and thanks to her brother's good fortune she is financially secure. However this is where Jane Austen's view on the match becomes negative. At the ball at Randall's, Mrs Weston suggests that Mr Elton dance with Harriet but he refuses profusely within her range of hearing, â€Å"his wife who was standing immediately above her, was not only listening also, but even encouraging him by significant glances. † This quote shows that Mrs Elton is a poor match for Mr Elton as she encourages him to be cruel to Miss Smith. Indeed through Emma's thoughts later on in the novel, Jane Austen informs us that Mr Elton, â€Å"was growing very like her [his wife]†. This implies that Austen believes that a marriage between two people should be a productive one. Not one in which the couple encourage the bad mannerisms in each other. Jane Austen also portrays the foolishness of not taking money in to consideration when choosing a partner. Austen shows the reader here that money is not an irrelevant matter in marriage. This idea is shown through the marriage of Mr Collins and Miss Lucas in ‘Pride and Prejudice' Charlotte Lucas says to Elizabeth Bennet, â€Å"Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance. This shows the practical side to Austen's view of marriage, sometimes marriage must be a practicality and financial gain is an important factor in making the choice of who to marry. Later on the reader is told that Miss Lucas accepted the proposal she received from Mr Collins, â€Å"†¦ solely from the pure and disinterested desire of an establishment† This shows the logicality behind the acceptance of Mr Collins marriage, without it Miss Lucas, although she would not have to work, would have to look after her parents in their elderly state as a spinster. However we also hear Jane Austen's opinion on this matter later on when Mrs Gardiner advises Lizzy, saying, â€Å"Do not involve yourself, or endeavour to involve him in an affection which for the want of fortune would make so very imprudent. † Later in life a woman would rely on her husband's income when her own dowry had run out. A man with little income had few prospects for a woman and so the match would be unwise and thoughtless. Austen presents the point here that it is difficult for a woman to find the line between marrying purely for financial gain and not being improvident and choosing a man without some money to his name. This is contrastable with the marriage of Jane Fairfax and Frank Churchill in ‘Emma'. Frank Churchill disregards the fact that Jane has no money, and wishes to marry her nonetheless. This situation is portrayed by Austen through the use of her ‘Cinderella plots. ‘ This is a term used when a woman marries above their class, Jane, who is facing the threat of a life of, â€Å"penance and mortification† as a governess is saved by both the financial and social status of Frank Churchill. In these plots lines the woman is generally shown to be intellectually astute, so as to match up to her husband. Jane is extremely accomplished in music and manners as well as having a, â€Å"an excellent education. Living constantly with right- minded people and well- informed people, her heart and understanding had received every advantage of discipline and culture† this infers that Austen approved of this match, despite the fact that money has been disregarded in the relationship. Arranged marriages feature in Austen's work. The finance and romance conundrum of these is a point of interest expressed through many of the main protagonists. Austen portrays the belief that ‘money should marry money'. The match between Mr Darcy and Miss Anne de Bourgh made only in Lady Catherine de Bourgh's mind shows this point of view. Miss Anne de Bourgh is the daughter of a noble woman and so in this era should be marrying a rich aristocratic man such as Mr Darcy. Indeed Elizabeth exclaims, â€Å"She will make him a very proper wife. † This is possibly the truth but Austen encourages the reader to view the idea of this match with some irony. Miss de Bourgh is a very quiet young lady, unable to hold a lively conversation or debate. She is, â€Å"sickly† looking and unaccomplished, as stated by her mother when she says, â€Å"If I had ever learnt [to play the piano] I would have been a great proficient, so would Anne, had her health allowed it†. This description of Miss de Bourgh shows Austen with a low opinion of her. Mr Darcy would never have married the kind of person who matched his social or financial status, unless they matched him in his intellectual dominance as well. This arranged match is contrastable with that of Mr Knightley and Emma Woodhouse in ‘Emma'. In this match Austen gives the reader her approval. The couple are shown to compliment each other, Mr Knightley is said to be, â€Å"one of the few people who could find fault in Emma Woodhouse† this shows the idea that although Mr Knightley is not under the view that Emma is perfect, he still likes and admires her greatly. The fact that Emma has a i30, 000 dowry and Mr Knightley is a rich aristocrat also shows the suitability of the match. They are similar in many ways and the fact that Emma doesn't need to marry to secure her future shows that their marriage is purely for love and admiration of one another's qualities. The gentle nature in which he reproaches her about Miss Bates and how much admiration he shows for her at her remorse is shown in the actions, â€Å"He took her hand†¦ and certainly was on the point of carrying it to his lips† and later when he addresses her, â€Å"Emma, my love†¦ † I feel that the idea of ‘money marrying money' is a strong Austen point. She both agrees and disagrees with the idea. Those who have money and wish to marry someone else with money should also look for equality of mind and standing in order to secure a worthy relationship. The idea of finance being considered whilst a man chooses his wife is also portrayed by Austen in many of her novels. Mr Wickham in ‘Pride and Prejudice' is said to have wanted to marry Miss Georgiana Darcy, a young lady with a great fortune behind her name. However when this affection on his behalf is abruptly ended by her brother Mr Fitzwilliam Darcy, Mr Wickham looks for an alternative wife. Settling on Elizabeth Bennett this encourages the idea of Mr Wickham being a ‘male fortune seeker'. Having little money of his own it is Mr Wickham who is looking for financial gain through marriage, which Lizzy consequently denies him. Austen disapproves of this idea, perhaps not surprisingly so because in Regency England men were supposed to provide for the woman, as apposed to the other way around. This match is comparable to that of Mr and Mrs Elton. Mr Elton first proposes to Emma Woodhouse, a young woman with a thirty thousand pound dowry, when refused he looks for a alternate source of money. When Emma suggests that he might like Harriet, a poor and illegitimate woman with little money to her name. Eventually Mr Elton marries a woman named Augusta Hawkins, a woman with a ten thousand pound dowry. This shows that Mr Elton considered the gain of financial wealth through his choice of wife very important in the match. Jane Austen shows many different situations in which finance should affect your choice of who to marry. In many of these situations she frowns upon those who seek money through marriage, Mr Elton and Miss Bingley are fine examples of these people, and the irony with which their characters are portrayed shows the disdain that Austen feels towards them. However Austen also shows the foolishness of not considering finance in a match, pointing out that in later life a woman will be reliant on the wealth of the man that she has chosen to marry and so she should choose carefully. I believe that although Austen would like to frown on those who look for financial support over love she sees the sensibility and logic in doing so. Austen who remained single for all her life shows an insightful view to the problems of finance and romance in the 18t century.